{ "meta": { "as_of": "2026-08-22", "pending": [ "market_cap_usd", "tvl_usd", "daily_active_addresses" ], "caveats": { "devs_monthly_active": "Electric Capital, week ending 2026-07-24. NOT comparable at face value: the figure rolls up each ecosystem's child ecosystems. Ethereum rolls up 1,391 children including every major L2; Cosmos Hub here is the HUB only (106), not the 1,408 IBC ecosystem; Kaspa has zero children so its 40 is first-party. Stellar's 3,937 jumped from ~1,320 in a year via repo additions to the taxonomy, not organic growth.", "wallets_of_5": "Native support only, out of MetaMask, Phantom, Trust, Exodus, Keplr. Community MetaMask Snaps and wrapped-token listings do not count.", "custody": "BitGo has Kaspa staged in its SDK (commits April and May 2026) but production returns 'Coin unsupported'. A KAS ticker exists at BitGo as an ERC20 on Ethereum, which is a false-positive trap. Copper lists Monero for external transfer only, not custody.", "us_spot_etf": "live means an 8-A12B plus EFFECT and an actual listing. filed means an S-1 on file and not effective.", "steward": "The entity presented on the chain's own pages. Kaspa and Monero name none; independent community non-profits exist for Kaspa but none is presented as the network's steward.", "tps_sustained": "Windows differ by what each chain publishes. Genuine 30-day means (recomputed 2026-08-22 from a live source): Kaspa (regular, non-coinbase transactions over the trailing 30 days via api.kaspa.org/transactions/count), Near (trailing 15 days of daily counts via nearblocks.io, the longest window its public API exposes). Monero's figure is a real measured mean but over roughly 2.8 days, not 30, because the public node's get_block_headers_range call caps how many blocks can be pulled per request and a full 30-day pull was not practical in this session; it is a genuine on-chain average, just a shorter one, sourced from a public Monero RPC node. Bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin, Bitcoin Cash, Cardano and Stellar are 24-hour Blockchair or Horizon snapshots (via 'transactions in the last 24h', matching how Blockchair's own stats endpoint reports). Solana, BNB Chain, Avalanche, TRON, Sui, Aptos, Hedera, Algorand, ICP are shorter live-RPC snapshots (roughly 20 minutes to 2 hours of recent blocks, chain-dependent). Kaspa's figure is a real 30-day mean but the chain is bursty: monthly means ran from 0.58 to 318.97 over the last year, and the peak hour hit 2,229. Solana's tps_sustained now reads api.mainnet-beta.solana.com's own numNonVoteTransactions field directly (a 60-minute average), which the RPC itself separates from vote traffic, resolving the prior ambiguity where the recorded figure matched neither Solana's cleaned nor raw published transaction total. Sui's and Aptos's figures are each the chain's raw RPC-measured throughput (checkpoint transaction-count delta for Sui, ledger-version delta for Aptos) with the existing tx_note percentage applied to strip system transactions and block metadata respectively; TON's figure (corrected 2026-08-22) is daily_transactions / 86400, not a raw snapshot, and was not independently re-derived in this pass: the prior value matched TON's own raw, uncleaned transaction count (7x its cleaned count), which the page's own copy already called out as roughly 6.5x inflated while still scoring the dial from it. Internet Computer's figure now reads ic-api.internetcomputer.org's transaction_rate metric (a 24-hour count divided by 86,400), which runs close to its message_execution_rate metric independently, but roughly 3.6x above the prior recorded value; the discrepancy is not reconciled against a documented definition change and is flagged for review rather than treated as settled.", "tps_claimed": "The project's own headline number where it publishes one. Sui's 200,000 is its docs figure for benchmark conditions, about 3,200 times the observed 62.79. Polkadot's 623,000 is extrapolated from a Kusama test at 23 percent of cores, not measured on Polkadot. Near's 1,000,000 and Aptos's 160,000 are second-hand from Chainspect, not fetched from the projects. Bitcoin, Litecoin, Monero, Kaspa, Near, Ethereum and Stellar publish no headline TPS.", "nakamoto_coefficient": "NOT COMPARABLE ACROSS ROWS. PoW chains here (Bitcoin 3, Litecoin 2, Monero 2, Kaspa 2) use one definition: pools controlling more than half of block production. PoS rows mostly use a 33-percent-of-stake threshold. Polkadot's 166 is the least trustworthy number in the set: a Polkadot Forum analysis puts it at 25, at 14 after clustering, and after finding one address cluster running 92 to 105 validators, at no more than 4. Polkadot is recorded as unknown here: the published figures span 166 to 4 depending on whether validators run by one operator are counted once or separately, and that is a disagreement rather than a measurement.", "finality_s": "This dial scores only a coded, consensus-enforced finality boundary, the point past which the protocol itself rejects a reorganization. A chain that has no such rule is marked unscored here, not given a substitute: Bitcoin, Litecoin, Monero and Bitcoin Cash have no coded reorg limit in consensus, only a 6-confirmation convention miners and exchanges use by custom, so their finality_s is null rather than that convention's number. An earlier version of this dial scored those four chains on the 6-confirmation convention while scoring Kaspa on its coded rule, which mixed two different kinds of number on one axis and made Kaspa look worse for being the one chain here that documents a hard guarantee at all. Corrected 2026-08-22. Kaspa's rusty-kaspa finality_depth parameter (params.rs) is 432,000 blocks, 12 hours at 10 blocks per second, past which a reorg is invalid, not merely improbable; that protocol rule, not Kaspa's roughly 10-second practical settlement convention, is what this dial scores. The practical-wait figure still describes how fast a payment stops looking risky in practice; see the confirmation-risk demo, which keeps the two numbers separate for exactly this reason. Kaspa's finality_depth reflects GHOSTDAG, the consensus rule running on mainnet today. DAGKnight is a research proposal (KIP-2, Status: Proposed) with no mainnet implementation and no release; it is not scored here and would only change this analysis if it ships. Among the rest, finality_s reflects each chain's own published protocol-level finality mechanism (for example Ethereum's Casper FFG justified/finalized checkpoints); those were not independently re-audited in this pass, and this correction is scoped to the PoW convention-versus-rule mismatch that was flagged. Cardano is probabilistic and its 120 seconds may be quoting the not-yet-live Peras target rather than live behavior, so it stays recorded as unknown.", "block_producers": "Counts different things by design. PoW rows count mining pools seen producing blocks. Kaspa's 32 is distinct coinbase payout addresses over a 7-minute sample, so pools rotating addresses would inflate it. Hedera's 29 are permissioned council nodes; the public cannot run one.", "smart_contracts": "general means a full contract platform. limited means script-level rules only: Bitcoin Script, and for Kaspa post-Toccata, UTXO covenants plus ZK verifier precompiles, with no account-based VM.", "daily_transactions": "Counted on the most comparable basis available, with each chain's own headline shown alongside where the two differ. The headline is the inflated one every time. Kaspa's raw count (702,164 as of 2026-08-22, a live 30-day mean) is 88.3 percent coinbase; Solana's raw count is now 47.8 percent validator votes (recomputed 2026-08-22 directly from the RPC's own vote/non-vote split, a 60-minute window); Sui's is about 31 percent system transactions; Aptos's is 27.5 percent block metadata and state checkpoints; TON counts one user action as several account-level transactions. Sui and Aptos raw/clean figures were recomputed 2026-08-22 from live RPC throughput with the existing percentage applied; the percentage itself was not independently re-verified this pass.", "privacy_default": "2 means sender, receiver and amount are hidden by default. 0 means the ledger is public and anyone can read every payment. Only Monero is private by default here. Optional privacy tooling exists elsewhere but is not the default and is not counted.", "devs_full_time": "Electric Capital's full-time count: developers who committed code on 10 or more days in a month. The same ecosystem-rollup caveat as the monthly-active figure applies.", "ethereum_classic_nakamoto": "One coinbase address produced 62% of blocks over a 23-day sample, so the coefficient is 1. Consistent with ETC's history of 51% attacks.", "pi_network": "Smart contracts are on testnet only; the live mainnet shows no contract calls. Block producers and Nakamoto coefficient are unknown because Pi does not publish its quorum set, so whether the Core Team still controls block production cannot be verified.", "stable_fees": "Zero-fee is an opt-in sponsorship, not the default. Ordinary transfers pay a small fee.", "tps_peak_observed": "The highest rate each chain has actually been observed carrying. This is demonstrated capacity, not a claim and not a theoretical maximum. Read it beside the sustained figure: sustained is how much demand the chain gets, peak is how much it has proven it can take. Kaspa carries 0.9 and has demonstrated 2,229, which is a very different statement from 0.9 alone. Windows differ: Kaspa, Bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin and Monero are the highest full hour or day observed; the rest are Chainspect's highest across 100 consecutive blocks, which is a shorter and therefore flattering window.", "filecoin_messages": "Explorer message totals for Filecoin run roughly 20x the explicit on-chain message count, because they include internal and cron messages. The figure here is explicit messages only, and over half of those are storage proofs rather than user activity.", "devs_rollup": "Electric Capital ecosystem figures are recursive rollups of child ecosystems. Where a chain has no children the number is chain-alone; where it does, it is not. Kaspa has zero children.", "scope": "Twenty layer ones, chosen as the ones a reader is actually weighing Kaspa against. Dropped from an earlier set of 32: chains with almost no measurable public activity, or none an independent explorer can verify, where a ranking teaches nothing.", "measurement": "All twenty rows carry at least one field re-measured against a live endpoint on 2026-08-22, closing the gap from the 2026-08-01 pass that covered only nine (Bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin, Bitcoin Cash, Cardano, Stellar via Blockchair per-chain stats; Avalanche, BNB Chain, Solana via each chain's own RPC). This pass re-measured block_time_s for all twenty and tps_sustained for eighteen of twenty using each chain's own RPC or mirror/indexer node, sampling 15 to 100 recent blocks or a fixed time window per chain (method and per-chain window size vary by what each chain's endpoint exposes; see chain-methodology-2026-08-22.md for the exact source and sample per row). Two fields were not independently re-derived this pass: Polkadot's tps_sustained stays null by design, because the relay chain itself carries almost no user transactions (Polkadot Hub's figure is a separate, unrefreshed reading); TON's tps_sustained is carried forward from a same-day correction made earlier on 2026-08-22 (daily_transactions / 86400) because enumerating TON's sharded transaction total through a public API within this session's time budget was not tractable. Kaspa's 10 blocks per second stays a protocol constant, not a reading, so block_time_s is not in Kaspa's measured list. Real drift showed up in several rows, not just rounding: Ethereum's sustained rate ran about 18% higher than the 1 Aug reading, Avalanche's about 62% lower, Internet Computer's message/transaction throughput came back roughly 3.6x higher on a different metric endpoint than the one likely used for the earlier figure. See chain-methodology-2026-08-22.md for the full per-chain, per-field table with sources, timestamps and old-vs-new deltas. A defect was found and fixed later the same day: this pass's Bitcoin block_time_s (600.0) and Polkadot block_time_s (6.0) both landed exactly on their protocol's nominal target, a coincidence a genuine 24-hour observation essentially never produces two-for-two. Polkadot was a confirmed substitution (the pass that produced it measured 6.2 and wrote down 6.0, the network's slot-time constant). Both were re-measured properly: Bitcoin from mempool.space block timestamps, elapsed time over the 144 most recent blocks (the trailing ~24-hour window) divided by 144, giving 600.90s, cross-checked against mempool.space's own timeAvg metric over the roughly 1,988 blocks of the current difficulty epoch (606.7s), both above the 600s target as expected for a Poisson-arrival PoW chain. Polkadot was re-measured via rpc.polkadot.io chain_getHeader, timing 77 real blocks over a 463.83-second wall-clock window, giving 6.024s. Every other chain's block_time_s was checked against its own known nominal target and none of the other eighteen sit exactly on one; Monero's 120.43s sits closest to its 120s target but is not equal to it. See chain-methodology-2026-08-22.md, Task 6, for the full audit and the standing rule this adds: a figure recorded on a measurement date must never equal a round protocol constant without the raw block count and window that produced it being checked by hand before it ships.", "hashrate_ehs": "Computed 2026-08-22 from each chain's live network difficulty via hashrate = difficulty * 2^32 / block_time for Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash and Litecoin (Blockchair), hashrate = difficulty / block_time for Monero (Blockchair, RandomX uses an unscaled difficulty), and read directly from api.kaspa.org/info/hashrate for Kaspa. This figure is reference-only and is not wired into any scored dial on chain-comparer.html: Bitcoin's SHA-256, Bitcoin Cash's SHA-256, Litecoin's Scrypt, Kaspa's kHeavyHash and Monero's RandomX cost different hardware, different work per hash and different energy per hash to acquire, RandomX by deliberate ASIC-resistant design, so a hash of one algorithm does not convert to a hash of another. Ranking these five chains against each other on a single EH/s axis presented cross-algorithm hash rates as one ranked property, which they are not; a same-algorithm-only comparison would cover just Bitcoin and Bitcoin Cash, both SHA-256, since Litecoin, Monero and Kaspa each run an algorithm no other chain here uses. Corrected 2026-08-22: the dial that scored this field (formerly 'Proof-of-work hash power') was dropped and replaced by a security-spend dial scored on emission_usd_per_day instead, which normalizes to dollars and is genuinely comparable across consensus families. Bitcoin's 912.5 EH/s is roughly 2,900 times Kaspa's 0.312 EH/s; read that as network hash power, not as a dollar-for-dollar attack-cost figure.", "emission": "New tokens issued per day, in native units and in US dollars: daily_native = block reward times blocks/day (86,400 / block_time_s), daily_usd = daily_native times a live spot price fetched from CoinGecko's simple-price endpoint on 2026-08-22 (Bitcoin $77,055, Litecoin $51.78, Monero $426.74, Bitcoin Cash $277.75, Kaspa $0.0292121). Block rewards used: Bitcoin 3.125 BTC (halved April 2024), Litecoin 6.25 LTC (halved August 2023), Monero 0.6 XMR (fixed tail emission since May 2022, no further halving), Bitcoin Cash 3.125 BCH (halved April 2024, same schedule length as Bitcoin from a different genesis height), Kaspa 2.31246515 KAS/block at 10 blocks/second (matches this file's fees_vs_subsidy_2026_08_22 claim in CLAIMS.yml, 1,997,970 KAS/day). This is a same-day snapshot multiplied through, not a forecast: a price move changes the dollar figure without changing the native-unit issuance rate. Sourced for the five proof-of-work chains in this set only. Every proof-of-stake, BFT, federated and permissioned chain here is left null rather than estimated: getting a comparable daily-issuance dollar figure for those chains needs each one's current staking ratio, validator reward curve and, for burn-adjusted chains such as Ethereum's EIP-1559 net issuance, a netting calculation this pass did not do. Do not fill those in with a guessed number; mark them as not sourced instead." }, "sources": { "devs": "developerreport.com API and data.opendevdata.org parquet snapshot 20260731T125446", "sdks": "each chain's own developer docs, official-vs-community distinction as that page draws it", "custody": "assets.bitgo.com/protocols.data and api.copper.co/platform/currencies", "wallets": "each wallet's own registry or supported-asset list: MetaMask support pages, Phantom help center, trustwallet/wallet-core registry.json, Exodus asset dataset, Keplr chain registry", "etf": "SEC EDGAR 8-A12B and S-1 filings; CFTC CME reports for futures" } }, "chains": { "Bitcoin": { "devs_monthly_active": 2324, "devs_full_time": 855, "sdk_languages": [ "C++" ], "steward": "none", "custody_bitgo": true, "custody_copper": true, "wallets_of_5": 4, "us_spot_etf": "live", "cme_futures": true, "block_time_s": 600.9, "finality_s": null, "tps_sustained": 7.509, "tps_claimed": null, "median_fee_usd": 0.054431, "block_producers": 23, "nakamoto_coefficient": 3, "smart_contracts": "rules", "node_ram_gb": 2, "node_disk_gb": 758, "consensus": "Nakamoto PoW", "launched": 2009, "privacy_default": 0, "purpose": "Money nobody can quietly change the rules on. The most settled asset in the category.", "weakness": "Slow to settle and it barely programs. Three pools produce over half the blocks.", "tps_peak_observed": 10.74, "sc_note": "Script: multisig, timelocks, hash locks.", "security": "pow", "emission_native_per_day": 449.326, "emission_usd_per_day": 34622815.78, "hashrate_ehs": 912.536, "measured_2026_08_22": [ "block_time_s", "tps_sustained", "median_fee_usd", "hashrate_ehs" ] }, "Ethereum": { "devs_monthly_active": 7641, "devs_full_time": 2760, "sdk_languages": [], "steward": "Ethereum Foundation", "custody_bitgo": true, "custody_copper": true, "wallets_of_5": 5, "us_spot_etf": "live", "cme_futures": true, "block_time_s": 12.04, "finality_s": 900, "tps_sustained": 21.029, "tps_claimed": null, "median_fee_usd": 0.0703, "block_producers": 891115, "nakamoto_coefficient": 1, "smart_contracts": "vm", "node_ram_gb": 8, "node_disk_gb": 2000, "consensus": "PoS (Gasper)", "launched": 2015, "privacy_default": 0, "purpose": "The default place to build a contract, and where most on-chain money sits.", "weakness": "Layer one is slow and dear; the cheap activity moved to rollups, which splits liquidity.", "tps_peak_observed": 41.99, "security": "pos", "measured_2026_08_22": [ "block_time_s", "tps_sustained", "median_fee_usd" ] }, "Solana": { "devs_monthly_active": 2264, "devs_full_time": 702, "sdk_languages": [ "JS/TS", "Rust" ], "steward": "Solana Foundation", "custody_bitgo": true, "custody_copper": true, "wallets_of_5": 4, "us_spot_etf": "live", "cme_futures": true, "block_time_s": 0.367, "finality_s": 12.8, "tps_sustained": 2032.805, "tps_claimed": 65000, "median_fee_usd": null, "block_producers": 693, "nakamoto_coefficient": 10, "smart_contracts": "vm", "node_ram_gb": 256, "node_disk_gb": 2500, "consensus": "PoH + Tower BFT", "launched": 2020, "daily_transactions": 175634352, "daily_transactions_raw": 336362928, "tx_note": "47.8% of the raw count is validator vote transactions", "privacy_default": 0, "purpose": "One fast chain for consumer apps, where everything shares the same state.", "weakness": "A 256 GB validator machine, and half its headline transaction count is validator votes. Its measured throughput also matches neither published transaction total; treat that figure as unreconciled, not verified.", "tps_peak_observed": 7669, "security": "pos", "measured_2026_08_22": [ "block_time_s", "tps_sustained" ] }, "BNB Chain": { "devs_monthly_active": 644, "devs_full_time": 147, "sdk_languages": [ "Go", "JS/TS" ], "steward": "BNB Foundation", "custody_bitgo": true, "custody_copper": true, "wallets_of_5": 3, "us_spot_etf": "live", "cme_futures": false, "block_time_s": 0.45, "finality_s": 0.65, "tps_sustained": 166.889, "tps_claimed": 5200, "median_fee_usd": null, "block_producers": 45, "nakamoto_coefficient": 7, "smart_contracts": "vm", "node_ram_gb": 64, "node_disk_gb": 3000, "consensus": "Proof of Staked Authority", "launched": 2020, "daily_transactions": 14419200, "daily_transactions_raw": null, "tx_note": null, "privacy_default": 0, "purpose": "Cheap, fast, and wired into the largest exchange.", "weakness": "45 validators re-elected daily. Speed bought with a permissioned set.", "tps_peak_observed": 3252, "security": "pos", "measured_2026_08_22": [ "block_time_s", "tps_sustained" ] }, "Cardano": { "devs_monthly_active": 589, "devs_full_time": 239, "sdk_languages": [ "Haskell" ], "steward": "Cardano Foundation", "custody_bitgo": true, "custody_copper": true, "wallets_of_5": 2, "us_spot_etf": "filed", "cme_futures": true, "block_time_s": 20.52, "finality_s": null, "tps_sustained": 0.464, "tps_claimed": null, "median_fee_usd": null, "block_producers": 2086, "nakamoto_coefficient": 15, "smart_contracts": "vm", "node_ram_gb": 24, "node_disk_gb": 250, "consensus": "Ouroboros Praos", "launched": 2017, "privacy_default": 0, "purpose": "Formal methods and slow, deliberate change.", "weakness": "Almost no measured throughput, and finality is probabilistic despite what trackers publish.", "tps_peak_observed": 11.62, "security": "pos", "measured_2026_08_22": [ "block_time_s", "tps_sustained" ] }, "Avalanche": { "devs_monthly_active": 455, "devs_full_time": 164, "sdk_languages": [ "JS/TS" ], "steward": "Avalanche Foundation", "custody_bitgo": true, "custody_copper": true, "wallets_of_5": 4, "us_spot_etf": "live", "cme_futures": true, "block_time_s": 1.143, "finality_s": 2, "tps_sustained": 10.936, "tps_claimed": 4500, "median_fee_usd": null, "block_producers": 597, "nakamoto_coefficient": 22, "smart_contracts": "vm", "node_ram_gb": 16, "node_disk_gb": 1000, "consensus": "Snowman BFT", "launched": 2020, "privacy_default": 0, "purpose": "Sub-second finality with subnets for teams that want their own rules.", "weakness": "Real usage sits far below the 4,500 TPS it advertises.", "tps_peak_observed": 241.3, "security": "pos", "measured_2026_08_22": [ "block_time_s", "tps_sustained" ] }, "TRON": { "devs_monthly_active": 302, "devs_full_time": 63, "sdk_languages": [ "JS/TS", "Java" ], "steward": "TRON DAO", "custody_bitgo": true, "custody_copper": true, "wallets_of_5": 3, "us_spot_etf": "filed", "cme_futures": false, "block_time_s": 3.006, "finality_s": 57, "tps_sustained": 133.622, "tps_claimed": 2000, "median_fee_usd": null, "block_producers": 27, "nakamoto_coefficient": 13, "smart_contracts": "vm", "node_ram_gb": 16, "node_disk_gb": 3000, "consensus": "DPoS", "launched": 2018, "privacy_default": 0, "purpose": "The rail most dollar stablecoins actually move on.", "weakness": "27 producers. Cheap and fast because very few parties run it.", "tps_peak_observed": 396.2, "security": "pos", "measured_2026_08_22": [ "block_time_s", "tps_sustained" ] }, "Sui": { "devs_monthly_active": 633, "devs_full_time": 193, "sdk_languages": [ "JS/TS", "Rust" ], "steward": "Sui Foundation", "custody_bitgo": true, "custody_copper": true, "wallets_of_5": 3, "us_spot_etf": "live", "cme_futures": true, "block_time_s": 0.222, "finality_s": 0.5, "tps_sustained": 53.89, "tps_claimed": 200000, "median_fee_usd": null, "block_producers": 127, "nakamoto_coefficient": 19, "smart_contracts": "vm", "node_ram_gb": 128, "node_disk_gb": 4000, "consensus": "Mysticeti DAG BFT", "launched": 2023, "daily_transactions": 4656116, "daily_transactions_raw": 6747995, "tx_note": "about 31% are system transactions, not user actions", "privacy_default": 0, "purpose": "Objects instead of accounts, so simple transfers skip consensus entirely.", "weakness": "Claims 200,000 TPS and carries 63. About half its transaction count is system overhead.", "tps_peak_observed": 926.5, "security": "pos", "measured_2026_08_22": [ "block_time_s", "tps_sustained" ] }, "Aptos": { "devs_monthly_active": 337, "devs_full_time": 93, "sdk_languages": [ "JS/TS", "Python", "Go", "C#", "Rust", "C++" ], "steward": "Aptos Foundation", "custody_bitgo": true, "custody_copper": true, "wallets_of_5": 2, "us_spot_etf": "filed", "cme_futures": false, "block_time_s": 0.0342, "finality_s": null, "tps_sustained": 132.295, "tps_claimed": 160000, "median_fee_usd": null, "block_producers": 92, "nakamoto_coefficient": 13, "smart_contracts": "vm", "node_ram_gb": 128, "node_disk_gb": 3000, "consensus": "AptosBFT v4", "launched": 2022, "daily_transactions": 11430296, "daily_transactions_raw": 15765925, "tx_note": "27.5% of the raw count is block metadata and state checkpoints", "privacy_default": 0, "purpose": "Move's safety guarantees with sub-second blocks.", "weakness": "Publishes no finality figure at all, and 28% of its count is block metadata.", "tps_peak_observed": 12933, "security": "pos", "measured_2026_08_22": [ "block_time_s", "tps_sustained" ] }, "TON (Gram)": { "devs_monthly_active": 390, "devs_full_time": 90, "sdk_languages": [ "JS/TS", "Java", "Go", "Python" ], "steward": "TON Foundation", "custody_bitgo": true, "custody_copper": true, "wallets_of_5": 2, "us_spot_etf": "none", "cme_futures": false, "block_time_s": 0.392, "finality_s": 0.8, "tps_sustained": 5.618, "tps_claimed": 104715, "median_fee_usd": null, "block_producers": 397, "nakamoto_coefficient": 87, "smart_contracts": "vm", "node_ram_gb": 128, "node_disk_gb": 1000, "consensus": "Catchain 2.0 BFT", "launched": 2021, "daily_transactions": 485433, "daily_transactions_raw": 3142820, "tx_note": "the raw count is account-level, so one user action becomes several; tps_sustained is daily_transactions / 86400, corrected 2026-08-22 from a figure that matched the raw count instead", "privacy_default": 0, "purpose": "Payments inside Telegram, at the scale of a messaging app.", "weakness": "Counts one user action as several transactions, so its headline is roughly 6.5x inflated.", "tps_peak_observed": 1542, "security": "pos", "measured_2026_08_22": [ "block_time_s" ] }, "Near": { "devs_monthly_active": 600, "devs_full_time": 291, "sdk_languages": [ "JS/TS", "Rust" ], "steward": "NEAR Foundation", "custody_bitgo": true, "custody_copper": true, "wallets_of_5": 1, "us_spot_etf": "filed", "cme_futures": false, "block_time_s": 0.623, "finality_s": 1.2, "tps_sustained": 7.788, "tps_claimed": null, "median_fee_usd": null, "block_producers": 414, "nakamoto_coefficient": 8, "smart_contracts": "vm", "node_ram_gb": 16, "node_disk_gb": 2500, "consensus": "Nightshade PoS", "launched": 2020, "privacy_default": 0, "purpose": "Sharding that hides itself, and accounts that read like usernames.", "weakness": "Genuine 8.5 TPS against a second-hand claim of a million.", "tps_peak_observed": 4135, "security": "pos", "measured_2026_08_22": [ "block_time_s", "tps_sustained" ] }, "Hedera": { "devs_monthly_active": 258, "devs_full_time": 125, "sdk_languages": [ "JS/TS", "Java", "Go", "Swift", "Rust", "C++" ], "steward": "Hedera Governing Council", "custody_bitgo": true, "custody_copper": true, "wallets_of_5": 2, "us_spot_etf": "live", "cme_futures": false, "block_time_s": 2.297, "finality_s": 2.9, "tps_sustained": 4.006, "tps_claimed": 10000, "median_fee_usd": null, "block_producers": 29, "nakamoto_coefficient": 10, "smart_contracts": "vm", "node_ram_gb": 256, "node_disk_gb": 5000, "consensus": "aBFT hashgraph", "launched": 2019, "daily_transactions": 346130, "daily_transactions_raw": null, "tx_note": null, "privacy_default": 0, "purpose": "Enterprise governance: a named council of large companies runs the nodes.", "weakness": "The public cannot run a consensus node. That is the design, not a gap.", "tps_peak_observed": 3302, "security": "pos", "measured_2026_08_22": [ "block_time_s", "tps_sustained" ] }, "Algorand": { "devs_monthly_active": 160, "devs_full_time": 56, "sdk_languages": [ "Go", "Java", "Python", "JS/TS" ], "steward": "Algorand Foundation", "custody_bitgo": true, "custody_copper": true, "wallets_of_5": 2, "us_spot_etf": "none", "cme_futures": false, "block_time_s": 2.741, "finality_s": 2.82, "tps_sustained": 12.587, "tps_claimed": 10000, "median_fee_usd": null, "block_producers": 1531, "nakamoto_coefficient": 13, "smart_contracts": "vm", "node_ram_gb": 16, "node_disk_gb": 100, "consensus": "Pure PoS", "launched": 2019, "privacy_default": 0, "purpose": "One-block finality and the smallest node in its class.", "weakness": "Little measured activity, and a foundation that redomiciled to the US in 2026.", "tps_peak_observed": 5716, "security": "pos", "measured_2026_08_22": [ "block_time_s", "tps_sustained" ] }, "Litecoin": { "devs_monthly_active": 88, "devs_full_time": 26, "sdk_languages": [ "C++" ], "steward": "Litecoin Foundation", "custody_bitgo": true, "custody_copper": true, "wallets_of_5": 2, "us_spot_etf": "live", "cme_futures": false, "block_time_s": 148.45, "finality_s": null, "tps_sustained": 2.143, "tps_claimed": null, "median_fee_usd": 0.000521, "block_producers": 23, "nakamoto_coefficient": 2, "smart_contracts": "rules", "node_ram_gb": null, "node_disk_gb": 229.9, "consensus": "Nakamoto PoW (Scrypt)", "launched": 2011, "privacy_default": 0, "purpose": "Bitcoin's design with faster blocks and near-zero fees.", "weakness": "Two pools produce 62% of blocks, and it runs far below its own demonstrated peak.", "tps_peak_observed": 14.72, "security": "pow", "emission_native_per_day": 3250.0752, "emission_usd_per_day": 168288.9, "hashrate_ehs": 0.002512, "measured_2026_08_22": [ "block_time_s", "tps_sustained", "median_fee_usd", "hashrate_ehs" ] }, "Monero": { "devs_monthly_active": 335, "devs_full_time": 98, "sdk_languages": [ "C++" ], "steward": "none", "custody_bitgo": false, "custody_copper": false, "wallets_of_5": 0, "us_spot_etf": "none", "cme_futures": false, "block_time_s": 120.43, "finality_s": null, "tps_sustained": 0.331, "tps_claimed": null, "median_fee_usd": 0.0161, "block_producers": 52, "nakamoto_coefficient": 2, "smart_contracts": "none", "node_ram_gb": 4, "node_disk_gb": 250, "consensus": "Nakamoto PoW (RandomX)", "launched": 2014, "privacy_default": 2, "purpose": "The only chain here where sender, receiver and amount are hidden by default.", "weakness": "No contracts, no custody at BitGo or Copper, no wallet support in the majors.", "tps_peak_observed": 1.63, "security": "pow", "emission_native_per_day": 431.2453, "emission_usd_per_day": 184029.63, "hashrate_ehs": 5.7e-09, "measured_2026_08_22": [ "block_time_s", "tps_sustained" ] }, "Kaspa": { "devs_monthly_active": 40, "devs_full_time": 10, "sdk_languages": [ "Rust", "JS/TS", "Python" ], "steward": "none", "custody_bitgo": false, "custody_copper": false, "wallets_of_5": 0, "us_spot_etf": "none", "cme_futures": false, "block_time_s": 0.1, "finality_s": 43200, "tps_sustained": 0.949, "tps_claimed": null, "median_fee_usd": 6.3e-05, "block_producers": 32, "nakamoto_coefficient": 2, "smart_contracts": "rules", "node_ram_gb": 4, "node_disk_gb": 50, "consensus": "GHOSTDAG PoW", "launched": 2021, "daily_transactions": 82023, "daily_transactions_raw": 702164, "tx_note": "88.3% of the raw count is coinbase, one per block at up to 10 blocks per second", "privacy_default": 0, "purpose": "Proof of work that does not throw away the blocks that lose the race, with covenants on top.", "weakness": "0.9 TPS measured, 40 developers, no custody, no ETF, and no major wallet.", "tps_peak_observed": 2229.2, "sc_note": "Covenants, covenant IDs and ZK proof checks, live since Toccata.", "security": "pow", "emission_native_per_day": 1997970, "emission_usd_per_day": 58357.75, "hashrate_ehs": 0.30269, "measured_2026_08_22": [ "tps_sustained", "hashrate_ehs" ] }, "Polkadot": { "devs_monthly_active": 804, "devs_full_time": 298, "sdk_languages": [ "Rust", "JS/TS" ], "steward": "Web3 Foundation", "custody_bitgo": true, "custody_copper": true, "wallets_of_5": 2, "us_spot_etf": "live", "cme_futures": false, "block_time_s": 6.024, "finality_s": 30, "tps_sustained": null, "tps_claimed": 623000, "median_fee_usd": null, "block_producers": 600, "nakamoto_coefficient": null, "smart_contracts": "vm", "node_ram_gb": 32, "node_disk_gb": 2000, "consensus": "BABE + GRANDPA", "launched": 2020, "daily_transactions": 12919, "daily_transactions_raw": null, "tx_note": "not the relay chain, which carries almost no user transactions", "privacy_default": 0, "purpose": "Chains that share security instead of each buying their own.", "weakness": "The relay chain carries almost no user transactions, and its published Nakamoto coefficient ranges from 166 to 4 depending who counts.", "tps_peak_observed": 462.7, "sc_note": "On Polkadot Hub, not the relay chain.", "security": "pos", "measured_2026_08_22": [ "block_time_s" ] }, "Internet Computer": { "devs_monthly_active": 324, "devs_full_time": 110, "sdk_languages": [ "JS/TS", "Rust" ], "steward": "DFINITY Foundation", "custody_bitgo": true, "custody_copper": true, "wallets_of_5": 2, "us_spot_etf": "none", "cme_futures": false, "block_time_s": 0.261, "finality_s": 2, "tps_sustained": 4713.2, "tps_claimed": null, "median_fee_usd": null, "block_producers": 815, "nakamoto_coefficient": 14, "smart_contracts": "vm", "node_ram_gb": 512, "node_disk_gb": 32000, "consensus": "Chain-key cryptography", "launched": 2021, "privacy_default": 0, "purpose": "Apps served straight from the chain, no cloud in front.", "weakness": "512 GB and 32 TB per node. Nobody runs this at home.", "tps_peak_observed": 25621, "security": "pos", "measured_2026_08_22": [ "block_time_s", "tps_sustained" ] }, "Stellar": { "devs_monthly_active": 3937, "devs_full_time": 494, "sdk_languages": [ "JS/TS", "Go", "Rust" ], "steward": "Stellar Development Foundation", "custody_bitgo": true, "custody_copper": true, "wallets_of_5": 2, "us_spot_etf": "filed", "cme_futures": true, "block_time_s": 5.678, "finality_s": 5.56, "tps_sustained": 41.308, "tps_claimed": null, "median_fee_usd": null, "block_producers": 94, "nakamoto_coefficient": 3, "smart_contracts": "vm", "node_ram_gb": 16, "node_disk_gb": 100, "consensus": "Stellar Consensus Protocol", "launched": 2015, "privacy_default": 0, "purpose": "Cross-border payments and asset issuance for institutions.", "weakness": "Runs close to its own observed ceiling, and its developer count tripled through repo additions rather than growth.", "tps_peak_observed": 200.8, "security": "federated", "measured_2026_08_22": [ "block_time_s", "tps_sustained" ] }, "Bitcoin Cash": { "consensus": "Nakamoto PoW", "launched": 2017, "block_time_s": 526.83, "finality_s": null, "tps_sustained": 0.172, "tps_claimed": null, "median_fee_usd": 0.001053, "block_producers": null, "nakamoto_coefficient": null, "smart_contracts": "rules", "node_ram_gb": null, "node_disk_gb": 217, "privacy_default": 0, "devs_monthly_active": null, "devs_full_time": null, "sdk_languages": [ "TS" ], "steward": "none", "custody_bitgo": true, "custody_copper": true, "wallets_of_5": 4, "us_spot_etf": "none", "cme_futures": false, "market_cap_usd": 4183675861, "purpose": "Bitcoin's fork that kept bigger blocks and sub-cent fees.", "weakness": "80% of its hashrate is unattributed, so nobody can say how concentrated mining is.", "security": "pow", "emission_native_per_day": 465.6216, "emission_usd_per_day": 129326.4, "hashrate_ehs": 3.932, "measured_2026_08_22": [ "block_time_s", "tps_sustained", "median_fee_usd", "hashrate_ehs" ] } } }